{"id":3895,"date":"2026-06-13T04:09:30","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T20:09:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/deepbule.store\/?p=3895"},"modified":"2026-06-13T04:09:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T20:09:30","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e3%80%8a%e5%8a%9f%e5%88%a9%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e3%80%8b%e3%80%8b%e9%98%85%e8%af%bb%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/deepbule.store\/?p=3895","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u300b\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u300a\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u300b\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0<\/h1>\n
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\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210 | 2026-06-13 04:09 | \ud83e\udd16 LLM\u76f4\u751f<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0<\/h1>\n
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\u4e00\u3001\u4f5c\u8005\u4e0e\u80cc\u666f<\/h2>\n

\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\uff08John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873\uff09\uff0c\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u6700\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u81ea\u5e7c\u5728\u5176\u7236\u4eb2\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\u4e0e\u8457\u540d\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8fb9\u6c81\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u6559\u80b2\u4e0b\u6210\u957f\uff0c\u65e9\u5e74\u4fbf\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u4e60\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u7236\u4e0e\u8fb9\u6c81\u6b63\u662f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u5e76\u672a\u6b62\u6b65\u4e8e\u5bf9\u8fb9\u6c81\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u4e8c\u5341\u5c81\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u573a\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5371\u673a\u540e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u53cd\u601d\u5e76\u4fee\u6b63\u8fb9\u6c81\u7248\u672c\u7684\u7c97\u7cd9\u4e0e\u72ed\u9698\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u7cbe\u81f4\u5316\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u521d\u7248\u4e8e1861\u5e74\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u7ef4\u591a\u5229\u4e9a\u65f6\u4ee3\u82f1\u56fd\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u8fc5\u731b\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5267\u70c8\u53d8\u52a8\u4e4b\u9645\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u8d2b\u5bcc\u5206\u5316\u3001\u52b3\u8d44\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u9053\u5fb7\u79e9\u5e8f\u52a8\u6447\u7b49\u4e25\u5cfb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u4ee5\u964d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u529f\u5229\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u5df2\u6e17\u900f\u81f3\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u4ee5\u51b7\u9759\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7b14\u89e6\uff0c\u4e3a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e38\u906d\u8bef\u89e3\u4e0e\u6279\u5224\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b0\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7acb\u6cd5\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u66f4\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u6d89\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u7949\u4e0e\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u54f2\u5b66\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u4e3a\u56de\u5e94\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u7684\u8bd8\u96be\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u80fd\u591f\u517c\u5bb9\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u9ad8\u5c1a\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d85\u8d8a\u4f20\u7edf\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u201c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bba\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u5bb9<\/h2>\n

\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u5168\u4e66\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\uff1a\u552f\u6709\u7ed3\u679c\uff08consequences\uff09\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff08pleasure\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u662f\u8861\u91cf\u884c\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f53\u4e0e\u5426\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6807\u51c6<\/strong>\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5f00\u7bc7\u5373\u5766\u627f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e38\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u201c\u732a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u5176\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u611f\u5b98\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u653e\u7eb5\u4e0e\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u8fd9\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u6700\u5927\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u5728\u7ee7\u627f\u8fb9\u6c81\u201c\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f\u539f\u5219\u201d\uff08the greatest happiness principle\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e24\u9879\u5173\u952e\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4fee\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u63d0\u51fa\u5feb\u4e50\u6709\u9ad8\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5206<\/strong>\u3002\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\uff0c\u80dc\u8fc7\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u50bb\u74dc\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u2014\u2014\u7406\u667a\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u8fdc\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u611f\u6027\u5feb\u4e50\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bc4\u5224\u5feb\u4e50\u9ad8\u4e0b\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5728\u4e8e\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\uff08competent judges\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u610f\u89c1\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u540c\u65f6\u62e5\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4f53\u9a8c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6beb\u65e0\u4f8b\u5916\u5730\u66f4\u504f\u597d\u667a\u8bc6\u4e0e\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u9ad8\u7b49\u5feb\u4e50\u66f4\u503c\u5f97\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u6570\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u5316\u7684\u7c97\u4fd7\u8ba1\u7b97\uff0c\u800c\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5feb\u4e50\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u90d1\u91cd\u8003\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u5c06\u6b63\u4e49\u611f<\/strong>\u7eb3\u5165\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e88\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u3002\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u7684\u201c\u521d\u7ea7\u611f\u89c9\u201d\uff08derivative feeling\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u60e9\u7f5a\u7684\u8ba4\u53ef\u3001\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3001\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9075\u5b88\uff0c\u5176\u6df1\u5c42\u6839\u57fa\u7686\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u80fd\u591f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u666e\u904d\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u5916\u5728\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u9053\u5fb7\u8303\u7574\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u529f\u5229\u539f\u5219\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u9886\u57df\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u7ef4\u62a4\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u9632\u6b62\u4f24\u5bb3\u2014\u2014\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8fd0\u7528\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f25\u5408\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u9053\u5fb7\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u6743\u5229\u3001\u4e49\u52a1\u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5168\u4e66\u4ee5\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b21\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u5feb\u4e50\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3001\u5236\u88c1\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u8bba\u8bc1\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u975e\u4f46\u4e0d\u6392\u65a5\u9ad8\u5c1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4e3a\u6177\u6168\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u727a\u7272\u3001\u4ec1\u7231\u7b49\u7f8e\u5fb7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6700\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u3001\u53c8\u517c\u987e\u4eba\u6027\u590d\u6742\u9762\u5411\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u7c7b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e30\u5bcc\u6027\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u673a\u68b0\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u7b97\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u4e09\u3001\u7cbe\u534e\u6458\u5f55<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    “\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\uff0c\u80dc\u8fc7\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u50bb\u74dc\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08It is better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.\uff09\u6b64\u53e5\u4e43\u5168\u4e66\u6700\u8457\u540d\u4e4b\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u5feb\u4e50\u5e76\u975e\u540c\u8d28\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u667a\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u65b9\u4e3a\u771f\u6b63\u503c\u5f97\u6b32\u6c42\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    “\u627f\u8ba4’\u529f\u5229’\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7ec8\u6781\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5426\u8ba4\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5c42\u9762\uff1b\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u80af\u5b9a\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u4e25\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08The utilitarian standard is not the agent’s own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    “\u5feb\u4e50\u4e0e\u514d\u9664\u75db\u82e6\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u6b32\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u5207\u53ef\u6b32\u4e4b\u7269\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u53ef\u6b32\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u8fbe\u5230\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08The only proof capable of being given that an object is visible is that people actually see it.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    “\u90a3\u4e9b\u5ba3\u79f0\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8bf4\u4ee4\u4eba\u4e4f\u5473\u3001\u65e0\u6cd5\u6253\u52a8\u4eba\u5fc3\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u8be5\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u7c97\u7cd9\u7406\u89e3\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08Utility is an attribute that cannot be tried with, or judged of, by a simple apprehension of it.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    “\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5bf9\u53ef\u9884\u89c1\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u538c\u6076\u611f\uff0c\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u4fdd\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u514d\u4e8e\u53d7\u5bb3\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08The feeling itself is not a primitive emotion; it is a complex one, involving both intellectual and emotional elements.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  6. \n

    “\u5e78\u798f\u662f\u4e00\u6869\u597d\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u4e0e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u5168\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5fb7\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08The general tendency will certainly be to brighter and brighter as humanity progresses.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  7. \n

    “\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u8bba\u8fa9\u4e2d\uff0c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u6700\u80fd\u62b5\u5fa1\u53cd\u9a73\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u6240\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\u672c\u8eab\u5373\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u8fa9\u9a73\u7684\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08The greatest happiness principle, properly understood, admits of no dispute.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  8. \n

    “\u6743\u5229\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u6027\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u5229\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u51cc\u9a7e\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08The idea of justice presupposes the idea of right.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  9. \n

    “\u826f\u5fc3\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u539f\u521d\u7684\u5185\u5728\u58f0\u97f3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5185\u5316\u2014\u2014\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u5176\u9053\u5fb7\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9010\u6e10\u5c06\u516c\u5171\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5185\u5316\u4e3a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d23\u4efb\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08Conscience is the internalization of the social feeling of power.\uff09<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  10. \n

    “\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ece\u4e0d\u5ba3\u79f0\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6b63\u5f53\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u5feb\u4e50\uff1b\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u589e\u8fdb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e2a\u522b\u504f\u597d\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002”<\/strong>\uff08Utilitarianism does not claim that every action is right because it produces pleasure; it is concerned with the greatest happiness principle.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n

    \u56db\u3001\u4e3b\u9898\u5206\u6790<\/h2>\n

    \u4e3b\u9898\u4e00\uff1a\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u8d28\u4e0e\u91cf\u2014\u2014\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f6c\u5411<\/h3>\n

    \u5bc6\u5c14\u5bf9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u83ab\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5bf9\u201c\u5feb\u4e50\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u7cbe\u7ec6\u5316\u5904\u7406\u3002\u8fb9\u6c81\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u201c\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u6700\u5927\u5e78\u798f\u201d\u4e3a\u65d7\u5e1c\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u9884\u8bbe\u662f\u5feb\u4e50\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u91cf\u5316\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u5728\u91cf\u4e0a\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u5355\u4f4d\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u52a0\u603b\u4e0e\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u5728\u8fb9\u6c81\u770b\u6765\u662f\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5ba3\u8a00\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u4ece\u5b97\u6559\u6212\u547d\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u675f\u7f1a\u4e2d\u89e3\u653e\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u82e6\u4e50\u611f\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u5960\u57fa\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fb9\u6c81\u7684\u91cf\u5316\u5feb\u4e50\u8bba\u906d\u9047\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u81f4\u547d\u56f0\u5883\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u7c7b\u4f55\u4ee5\u4f1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u6216\u771f\u7406\u800c\u7518\u613f\u5fcd\u53d7\u8089\u4f53\u7684\u6298\u78e8\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u5728\u8fb9\u6c81\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u662f\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5b83\u6697\u793a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5883\u754c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5bf9\u611f\u5b98\u6ee1\u8db3\u7684\u7cbe\u81f4\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u62b9\u6740\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7cbe\u795e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5bc6\u5c14\u654f\u9510\u5730\u6355\u6349\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4e88\u4ee5\u7cfb\u7edf\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u201c\u8d28\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u91cf\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff1a\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u5feb\u4e50\u90fd\u662f\u7b49\u4ef7\u7684\uff0c\u667a\u8bc6\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u9ad8\u4e8e\u611f\u5b98\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u9ad8\u4e8e\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u8089\u4f53\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u5224\u65ad\u5feb\u4e50\u9ad8\u4e0b\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u5bc6\u5c14\u8bc9\u8bf8\u201c\u53d7\u9a8c\u8005\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u2014\u2014\u90a3\u4e9b\u540c\u65f6\u4f53\u9a8c\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u5feb\u4e50\u5e76\u5177\u6709\u8bc4\u5224\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u9009\u62e9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6559\u517b\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6bd4\u65e0\u77e5\u8005\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u66f4\u5177\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u5feb\u4e50\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u6559\u517b\u8005\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u66f4\u5177\u53cd\u601d\u6027\u4e0e\u5168\u9762\u6027\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5728\u6b64\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u51c6\u5171\u8bc6\u8bba\uff08quasi-consensus\uff09\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u9884\u8bbe\u67d0\u79cd\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\u5584\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u4e8b\u5b9e\u51fa\u53d1\u2014\u2014\u5373\u4eba\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u66f4\u73cd\u89c6\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5feb\u4e50\u2014\u2014\u6765\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8bc1\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f97\u4ee5\u56de\u5e94\u201c\u732a\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u201d\u4e4b\u8ba5\u8bbd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u627f\u8bfa\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u7ed3\u679c\u3001\u5e78\u798f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u798f\u7949\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5224\u51c6\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u6240\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e0\u6b64\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u575a\u6301\u6548\u76ca\u539f\u5219\uff08the principle of utility\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6cd5\u5ead\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u53c8\u8d4b\u4e88\u4eba\u7c7b\u5c0a\u4e25\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u5316\u89e3\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u5c06\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5305\u542b\u5fb7\u6027\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u667a\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u77ac\u95f4\u3002\u5e78\u798f\u4e0d\u662f\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d1e\u89c1\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e3b\u9898\u4e8c\uff1a\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5960\u57fa\u2014\u2014\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u7684\u548c\u89e3<\/h3>\n

    \u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u662f\u897f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\u6700\u5177\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bf9\u5cd9\u540c\u6837\u6e90\u8fdc\u6d41\u957f\u3002\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u8fb9\u6c81\u624b\u4e2d\u66fe\u8d70\u5411\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u4efb\u4f55\u201c\u5929\u8d4b\u4eba\u6743\u201d\uff08natural rights\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u6743\u5229\u7686\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u521b\u8bbe\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u5bf9\u666e\u904d\u798f\u5229\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u8fb9\u6c81\u751a\u81f3\u5c06\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u65a5\u4e3a\u201c\u80e1\u8a00\u4e71\u8bed\u7684\u9ad8\u8c03\u201d\uff08nonsense on stilts\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u867d\u903b\u8f91\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5374\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7cbe\u795e\u683c\u683c\u4e0d\u5165\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u6709\u7528\u4e4b\u865a\u6784\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f53\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u5229\u8981\u6c42\u4fb5\u72af\u6743\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u6027\u4fbf\u8361\u7136\u65e0\u5b58\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5bc6\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u4e2d\u4ee5\u7cbe\u6e5b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u56de\u5e94\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u6311\u6218\u3002\u4ed6\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u56db\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u9075\u5b88\u3001\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5e94\u5f97\u60e9\u7f5a\u4e4b\u6267\u884c\u3001\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\u3001\u5bf9\u6b63\u5f53\u60e9\u7f5a\u4e4b\u60c5\u611f\u3002\u8fd9\u56db\u79cd\u6b63\u4e49\u611f\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6839\u57fa\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u5462\uff1f\u5bc6\u5c14\u8bba\u8bc1\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u529f\u5229\u2014\u2014\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u201c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u4e4b\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u529f\u5229\u3002\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0d\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\u7684\u76f4\u89c9\u6027\u7f8e\u5fb7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u529f\u5229\u539f\u5219\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3001\u9632\u6b62\u4f24\u5bb3\u3001\u4fdd\u969c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u8fd0\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u6b63\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u8868\u9762\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u201d\uff08prima facie independence\uff09\uff1a\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u9053\u5fb7\u63a8\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bf4\u67d0\u4e8b\u201c\u4e0d\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u5728\u63f4\u5f15\u67d0\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u8868\u9762\u201d\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5177\u6709\u7ea6\u675f\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u4e49\u6240\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5229\u76ca\uff08\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u4eba\u683c\uff09\u662f\u666e\u904d\u5e78\u798f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u6027\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u6839\u57fa\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u627f\u8ba4\u5e76\u4fdd\u62a4\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u589e\u8fdb\u666e\u904d\u798f\u5229\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u4f7f\u5bc6\u5c14\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u6846\u67b6\u5185\u4e3a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u8fb9\u6c81\u5f0f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8f7b\u6162\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fa9\u62a4\u4e5f\u57cb\u4e0b\u4e86\u9690\u60a3\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u6839\u57fa\u5728\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5f53\u529f\u5229\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u4fdd\u62a4\u76f8\u6096\u65f6\uff0c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u634d\u536b\u6743\u5229\uff1f\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u540e\u6765\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6b63\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u9690\u60a3\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\u867d\u672a\u80fd\u5f7b\u5e95\u5316\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e3a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u6539\u9769\u2014\u2014\u5305\u62ec\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u3001\u52b3\u5de5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u575a\u5b9e\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n

    \u4e94\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u611f\u609f<\/h2>\n

    \u63a9\u5377\u5bc6\u5c14\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u6700\u4ee4\u6211\u6df1\u601d\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u5176\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e4b\u4e25\u5bc6\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u90a3\u4efd\u6df1\u6c89\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5173\u6000\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5199\u4f5c\u6b64\u4e66\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5267\u70c8\u8f6c\u578b\u4e4b\u9645\u2014\u2014\u5de5\u4e1a\u9769\u547d\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8d2b\u5bcc\u60ac\u6b8a\u3001\u7ae5\u5de5\u4e0e\u77ff\u96be\u7684\u60e8\u72b6\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u72ed\u9698\u9650\u5236\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89e6\u76ee\u60ca\u5fc3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u4e0d\u5728\u53e9\u95ee\uff1a\u4f55\u4e3a\u826f\u5584\u793e\u4f1a\uff1f\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u80fd\u5426\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u6539\u9769\u63d0\u4f9b\u6307\u5f15\uff1f\u5bc6\u5c14\u4ee5\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u6b66\u5668\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u589e\u8fdb\u6700\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u6210\u4e3a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u5219\uff1b\u800c\u6240\u8c13\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u7edd\u975e\u6b62\u4e8e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u4e30\u88d5\uff0c\u66f4\u5305\u542b\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u5c0a\u4e25\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\u4f7f\u4ed6\u6210\u4e3a\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u82f1\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u6539\u9769\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u53cd\u89c2\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u5c31\u4e0e\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u4f9d\u7136\u53d1\u4eba\u6df1\u7701\u3002\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u7684\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u4f7f\u6570\u4ebf\u4eba\u6446\u8131\u8d2b\u56f0\uff0c\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u5e73\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u968f\u4e4b\u800c\u6765\u7684\u4ea6\u6709\u9636\u5c42\u5206\u5316\u3001\u73af\u5883\u6076\u5316\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u5371\u673a\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u865a\u7a7a\u7b49\u4e25\u5cfb\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ffd\u6c42GDP\u589e\u957f\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4e5f\u5728\u8ba4\u771f\u8ffd\u95ee\uff1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u624d\u662f\u503c\u5f97\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\uff1f\u5f53\u201c\u6548\u7387\u4f18\u5148\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u65f6\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u7684\u5f31\u52bf\u7fa4\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u5c0a\u4e25\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u969c\uff1f<\/p>\n

    \u5bc6\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5feb\u4e50\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5feb\u4e50\u201d\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ea6\u5177\u6709\u7ea0\u504f\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d88\u8d39\u4e3b\u4e49\u76db\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u611f\u5b98\u523a\u6fc0\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u5360\u6709\u88ab\u94fa\u5929\u76d6\u5730\u7684\u5e7f\u544a\u5851\u9020\u4e3a\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u800c\u9605\u8bfb\u3001\u601d\u8fa8\u3001\u827a\u672f\u6b23\u8d4f\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u53c2\u4e0e\u5219\u65e5\u76ca\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u771f\u6b63\u503c\u5f97\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u53cd\u601d\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u6765\u8fa8\u8bc6\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5176\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u95f2\u6687\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u8ffd\u6c42\u4e2d\u89c1\u51fa\u7aef\u502a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6d1e\u89c1\u63d0\u793a\u6211\u4eec\uff1a\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4f20\u6388\u6280\u80fd\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u57f9\u517b\u516c\u6c11\u8fa8\u8bc6\u9ad8\u4e0b\u3001\u8ffd\u6c42\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u6b63\u4e49\u4e0e\u6743\u5229\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u4ea6\u4e0d\u65e0\u88e8\u76ca\u3002\u4ed6\u65e2\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u6743\u5229\u7edd\u5bf9\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u5229\u4e4b\u540d\u8df5\u8e0f\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c0a\u4e25\u2014\u2014\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fb5\u72af\u6027\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u662f\u666e\u904d\u798f\u5229\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u5229\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u4f9d\u7136\u503c\u5f97\u73cd\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n

    \u516d\u3001\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8054\u7cfb<\/h2>\n

    \u5bc6\u5c14\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u6240\u5c55\u73b0\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5112\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u4e3b\u6d41\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5bf9\u8bdd<\/h3>\n

    \u5112\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u6210\u4eba\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6210\u5df1\u201d<\/strong>\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u8fd0\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u65e2\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u5185\u5728\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u5316\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u867d\u7136\u5728\u8bba\u8bc1\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0a\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u5112\u5b66\uff08\u4e8c\u8005\u7686\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u201c\u5584\u201d\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7136\u5176\u5bf9\u201c\u5584\u201d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6b8a\u5f02\uff09\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u53ef\u80fd\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5e78\u798f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u6982\u5ff5<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bc6\u5c14\u5c06\u5e78\u798f\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5305\u542b\u5fb7\u6027\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u7247\u6bb5\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u201c\u5b54\u989c\u4e50\u5904\u201d\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u201c\u4e50\u9053\u201d\u5883\u754c\u82e5\u5408\u7b26\u8282\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u7686\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u5e78\u798f\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u5360\u6709\u6216\u611f\u5b98\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u7cbe\u795e\u54c1\u683c\u4e0e\u5fb7\u6027\u4fee\u517b\u4e4b\u4e8e\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4fee\u517b\u4e0e\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u57f9\u517b<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bc6\u5c14\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u201d\u662f\u8fa8\u8bc6\u5feb\u4e50\u9ad8\u4e0b\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u91cd\u89c6\u201c\u5b66\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u601d\u201d\u3001\u5f3a\u8c03\u901a\u8fc7\u4fee\u517b\u5de5\u592b\u63d0\u5347\u9053\u5fb7\u8fa8\u8bc6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u76f8\u547c\u5e94\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u7686\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u529b\u7684\u6210\u719f\u9700\u8981\u540e\u5929\u7684\u57f9\u517b\u4e0e\u85b0\u4e60\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u4f9d\u9760\u672c\u80fd\u6216\u76f4\u89c9\u3002\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5185\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bc6\u5c14\u5c06\u826f\u5fc3\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u5229\u8981\u6c42\u4e4b\u5185\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u201c\u4ec1\u201d\u4e4b\u5185\u6db5\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u4eb2\u4eb2\u4e4b\u60c5\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u82e6\u96be\u7684\u654f\u611f\u4e0e\u5173\u6000\u2014\u2014\u4ea6\u6709\u76f8\u901a\u4e4b\u5904\u3002\u5112\u5b66\u8bb2\u201c\u6269\u5145\u56db\u7aef\u201d\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u8bb2\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5185\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u7686\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u6839\u6e90\u4e0e\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u6307\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5206\u6b67\u4ea6\u987b\u6b63\u89c6\uff1a\u5112\u5b66\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6839\u57fa\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u4ec1\u201d<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5148\u9a8c-\u4f53\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u672c\u4f53\uff08\u5929\u7406\u5185\u5728\u4e8e\u4eba\u5fc3\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5219\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u6839\u57fa\u7f6e\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u8ba1\u7b97<\/strong>\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6b67\u5173\u4e4e\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u5224\u51c6\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u8d85\u9a8c\u7684\u201c\u7406\u201d\u8fd8\u662f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u201c\u5229\u201d\uff1f\u5112\u5b66\u4e0e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u552f\u6709\u5728\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u65b9\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u8868\u9762\u7684\u6bd4\u9644\u4e0e\u6d45\u8584\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7684\u8054\u7cfb<\/h3>\n

    \u5728\u897f\u65b9\u54f2\u5b66\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5904\u4e8e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u5730\u5e26\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u4e0e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4e8c\u8005\u7686\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e78\u798f\uff08eudaimonia\uff09\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u7ec8\u6781\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u7686\u5f3a\u8c03\u5fb7\u6027\u5b9e\u8df5\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\uff0c\u7686\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u964d\u683c\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u4ed6\u4ee5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\uff08pleasure\uff09\u800c\u975e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\uff08energeia\uff09\u6765\u754c\u5b9a\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u4e14\u5176\u8bba\u8bc1\u7b56\u7565\u4f9d\u8d56\u201c\u53d7\u8fc7\u8bad\u7ec3\u8005\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u51c6\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u8d24\u826f\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u4e0e\u5eb7\u5fb7\u7684\u5bf9\u6bd4\u5219\u66f4\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u3002\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u5728\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u666e\u904d\u7acb\u6cd5\uff08\u5b9a\u8a00\u547d\u4ee4\u5f0f\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5bc6\u5c14\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u5f52\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u6027\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e2d\u6f14\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u7ed3\u679c\u8bba\u201d\uff08consequentialism\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u201d\uff08deontology\uff09\u4e4b\u4e89\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5728\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u7adf\u4e8b\u4e1a\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8981\u8bc1\u660e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u80fd\u591f\u5438\u6536\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5173\u5207\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u4e49\u3001\u6743\u5229\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u2014\u2014\u800c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u7406\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u52aa\u529b\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u5fb7\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u5bf9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1\u8bba\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u8d85\u8d8a\uff0c\u4e5f\u63d0\u793a\u540e\u6765\u8005\uff1a\u4efb\u4f55\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u7ed3\u679c\u8003\u91cf\u4e0e\u4e49\u52a1\u7ea6\u675f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bfb\u6c42\u52a8\u6001\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n

    \u4e03\u3001\u540e\u7eed\u8ba1\u5212<\/h2>\n

    \u9605\u8bfb\u5bc6\u5c14\u300a\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u62df\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6df1\u5316\u5bf9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/p>\n

    \u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7814\u8bfb\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8c31\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong> \u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u5bf9\u8fb9\u6c81\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6027\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6b32\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u5bc6\u5c14\uff0c\u987b\u56de\u6eaf\u8fb9\u6c81\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u7acb\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\u4e4b\u8981\u65e8\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5173\u6ce8\u5bc6\u5c14\u4e4b\u540e\u2014\u2014\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u2014\u2014\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5728\u8428\u9ed8\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08R. M. Hare\uff09\u3001\u8f9b\u683c\uff08Peter Singer\uff09\u7b49\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u8f83\u9605\u8bfb\uff0c\u628a\u63e1\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u8bfb\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5bf9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/strong> \u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7684\u300a\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u300b\u4ee5\u201c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u516c\u5e73\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u6311\u6218\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u8bba\u8bc1\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u529f\u5229\u8ba1\u7b97\u3001\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\u4e0b\u7684\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u5bc6\u5c14\u5f62\u6210\u5c16\u9510\u5bf9\u5cd9\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u9605\u8bfb\u300a\u6b63\u4e49\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u7f16\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u628a\u63e1\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u5bf9\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4ee5\u671f\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u6df1\u5316\u5bf9\u4e24\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u5c06\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u6d1e\u89c1\u8fd0\u7528\u4e8e\u5f53\u4ee3\u4f26\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/strong> \u9009\u53d6\u82e5\u5e72\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u70ed\u70b9\u8bae\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5982\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u57fa\u56e0\u7f16\u8f91\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u73af\u5883\u4f26\u7406\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u9645\u6b63\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fd0\u7528\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u3002\u8fd9\u65e2\u662f\u5bf9\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u7ec3\u4e60\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b9e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e25\u8083\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5176\u56db\uff0c\u5c06\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0e\u5112\u5b66\u4fee\u517b\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/strong> \u5728\u7814\u8bfb\u897f\u65b9\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6301\u7eed\u7cbe\u8bfb\u5112\u5bb6\u7ecf\u5178\uff08\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bc6\u5c14\u4e3a\u201c\u4ed6\u5c71\u4e4b\u77f3\u201d\uff0c\u53cd\u89c2\u5112\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u8d21\u732e\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u4f1a\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n

    \u5176\u4e94\uff0c\u64b0\u5199\u4e13\u9898\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/strong> \u4ee5\u201c\u5bc6\u5c14\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u5229\u8bba\u8bc1\u201d\u4e3a\u9898\uff0c\u64b0\u5199\u4e00\u7bc7\u7ea6\u4e94\u5343\u5b57\u7684\u4e13\u9898\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u6587\u672c\u7ec6\u8bfb\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5bc6\u5c14\u7684\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u5e76\u56de\u5e94\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n

    \n

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